Health and Safety in a Childcare Setting

Health and Safety in a Childcare Setting Analyse the working practices that need to be in place in the nursery setting to ensure that children are protected. In every nursery setting there should be a practiced working pattern and a setting. For example there should be practise of food hygiene, safeguarding and health and safety. These are very important because children will be on the safe side. Health and safety In this case the managers and staff should make sure that health and safety checks are carried out as required. In case of an accident failure to check equipment have serious connections. Staff and children should know which areas of the building they have access for. The general environment should be clean and safe for example, all COSHH equipment used should be kept in a locked cupboard. Food Hygiene- when giving children food, one should check the expiring dates and check the expiring dates and check the temperatures of the fridges and freezers. Adequate welfare facilities should be available for health and safety. It is important to put on protective clothes especially when you are cleaning the toilets always wear gloves. A t nursery should consider safeguarding on children. This is whereby staff should know who is going to drop and pick children, also nursery main doors should always be locked, handles should be fitted where children can't reach, and CCTV should be at the nursery always because of abuse. Staff should be trained how to give children medication. Also check the risk assessment of the provision that the safeguarding policy and plans work. The gate should always be shut, and use password to open the gate and doors. For toddlers should use small gates. Always lock the confidential information in a lockable cupboard and only management or responsibly person should have access to the keys. Confidentiality is very important. The other thing which need to be considered at nursery is food hygiene, in this case staff should check the expiring date of the food and check the temperatures of the fridge and the freezer, and always cover the food when it is open and put a date when the food has b een opened. Tinned food should be eaten and finished once they are opened. Always wash your hands before you touch food. Clean the tables before and after serving the food. As staff should know which food is suitable for each and every child (Allergy). Always clean the dishes after every meal and dry them and put them away. Fruits should be washed before you eat. Should teach children how to wash hands after visiting the toilet. Also staff should cook food properly with correct cooking temperature. With all these aspects I think the nursery will run smoothly. 2. Explain the various health and safety requirements that are necessary for children attending the setting and describe the ways in which these health and safety requirements need to be adopted to cater for differing age groups. Health and safety in the nursery environment requires adoption for each different age groups of children that are catered for. In the nursery staff should be very careful with sharp objects like knives, forks and razor blades, because these objects can harm children. Therefore should always put them away as soon as you finish using them. Toys should be put back in their irrespective boxes, some toys are sharp so as staff you must be there to keep an eye when children are playing with toys. Select toys which are suitable to each age group. All substances should be locked up in the cupboards. COSHH control of substance hazardous to health. What might you see in the nursery covered by COSHH is cleaning equipment, chemical sharp objects. Make sure children are supervised when they are doing activities. Staff should clean the floors using chemicals which are not dangerous, but should use like Dettol and antibacterial cream. Make sure the floor is dry enough so that children won't fal l down. After serving the food take away knives and out them were they cannot reach. When sharpening the pencils staff should be very careful because some children can be affected with the dust which comes from the pencils. Make sure all plug sockets are covered because when children touched they will be in danger. Windows should be secured because children will be tempted to climb through them. Kitchen and office areas should have safety gates which remain locked to prevent access to dangerous areas. Doors should contain filled safety guards to prevent children from trapping their fingers. With toys always lock the boxes and cupboards should close the toilet and bathroom doors. 3. Evaluate the procedures required to cover good hygiene and explain how this should be implemented in the nursery setting. This can be presented within a table. There are many procedures required to cover good and hygiene of which am going to write some of them in form of a table. Good hygiene How to implement Washing hands before or after food Make sure sinks are reachable by children Washing hands after visiting the toilet. Flush the toilet after you use it. Toilets and chambers should be of small size , so that children will be able to reach Children should dry their hands after using the toilet. There should be paper towels in the bathroom always. Disposal of nappies and waste Make sure there is correct bins to dispose them eg waste yellow lockable bins. Cleaning or clearing of plates after eating Reachable tables for children Always wash hands before preparing food using soap Make sure the children are prompted to do this by teachers Wash fruits before you eat Make sure the teachers teach children about hygiene and prompt them to do so. Clean the floors Use correct mops to clean floors like blue mops for corridors, green mops for kitchen and red mops for bathrooms. Cut the meat and the vegetables on boards Use the right boards e.g. for meat use red board, for vegetables use green boards. Bread use white board. Cleaning the wounds Make sure teachers follow the proper and correct first aid rules and all the accidents are recorded in the accident book. Making the mattress and beds for children Make sure the use clean linen and make sure that all spoiled linen are washed correctly like separated from non spoiled lined and correct washing temperature like Sluice program in the washing machine. 4. Identify and describe what should be included in a first aid kit for a nursery and discuss why paediatric first aid training for nursery staff is important In every nursery there should be a first aid kit , in the kit it includes 20 adhesive dressings, plasters in assorted sizes, six medium sterile ,two large sterile dressing , one sterile eye pod, six triangular bandages, six safety pins, disposable gloves , two roller bandages , a pair of scissors, alcohol-free wound cleansing wipes , adhesive tape, plastic face shield or pocket mask, notepad and pencil alcohol gel, other useful items blankets survival bag, torch whistle warning triangle and high visibility jacket to keep in the nursery. We should have these things in the nurseries because it will help the staff to cater for the first aid needs of the children attending the nursery before they go to hospital for example when children had wounds staff should use gauze pads as swabs to clean around wounds. Use adhesive tape to secure dressings or the loose ends of bandages, staff should notice that if the children are allergic to the adhesive tape can use a hypoallergenic tape. Always wear gloves whenever you dress wounds or when you handle body fluids or other waste materials, use latex-free gloves because some people are allergic to latex. The gloves are necessary for staff to wear when you are dealing with any body fluids; this is to control the cross contamination and good hygiene. Bandages are used to give support to injured joint secure dressings in place maintain pressure on wounds and limit swelling. Pins and clips are used to secure the ends of bandages.They are some useful items which include kitchen film or clean plastic bags can be used to dress burns and scalds. Non-stick dressings can be kept for larger wounds, keep alcohol, gel to clean your hands when no water is available. To prevent cold injuries always wrap on ice pack in a cloth do not leave it on for more than 10 minutes. Scissors should be used to cut bandages. It is important for staff to be first aid trained for the need to know exactly what to do in an emergency whether they are alone or with other members of the staff. So by staff undertaking paediatric first aid course they will have a peace of mind of knowing that they have the knowledge and skills to tackle a medical emergency. Staff who have had first aid training are trained how to attend to children when they collapsed or when they cut themselves using sharp objects. Also staff will be trained how to cope with stressful and physically demanding procedures. First aid certificates should be renewed every 3 years. From the completion date of the previous qualification . In nursery setting paediatric first aid qualification satisfies ousted requirements. First aid certificates are required to be checked by Ofsted during an inspection and will need to be produced for all trained first aiders.

Racial profiling Essay

There are several controversial issues surrounding racial profiling and the various problems that are encountered as a result of it. One issue is whether or not racial profiling exists. Most law enforcement departments refuse to undergo a study and they deny that racial profiling exists. These problems, coupled with the status of literature regarding this topic at this point, are more unreliable than scientific. In addition, the topic is controversial because the United States believes that it has rid itself of prejudice and racism, and to open the topic of racial profiling by law enforcement personnel is admitting that its possible the nation is backsliding. As a result, the events of September 11th stepped up the pace of racial profiling by law enforcement and grew to include new groups of people. Racial profiling is a topic that is seen across the nation in the media. Racial profiling has often been referred to as the apparition occurrence because so far departments across the nation clearly deny its existence. The topic is a growing one in light of the September 11, 2001 attacks on America. Racial profiling has been a top news story since that attack but it was an issue for many years before that. The equal protection clause can be found in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. It simply states that, â€Å"No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States†¦nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† In other words, this meant that the Constitution would become ‘color-blind’. State laws would no longer be allowed to treat whites and blacks differently. The Supreme Court relied heavily upon the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine to determine when a state law violated the equal protection clause. This is also how the Supreme Court would determine what is considered to be discrimination. In order to prove that a state is guilty of discrimination there must be an overwhelming amount of evidence supporting the claim. This was evident in the case of Washington vs. Davis, where the Court ruled against two blacks who claimed that the hiring practices of the D.C. Police Department were discriminatory towards racial minorities. The Supreme Court said that the hiring practices did not violate the Equal  Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Equal Protection is described as â€Å"the right of all persons to have the same access to the law and courts and to be treated equally by the law and courts, both in procedures and in the substance of the law†. It is similar to the right to due process of law, but in particular applies to equal treatment as an aspect of fundamental fairness. The most famous case on this subject is Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) in which Chief Justice Earl Warren, for a undivided Supreme Court, ruled that â€Å"separate but equal† educational facilities for blacks were essentially unequal and unconstitutional since the segregated school system did not give all students equal rights under the law. It will also apply to other inequalities such as difference in pay for the same work or unequal taxation. The principle is stated in the 14th Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"No State shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.â₠¬  One of the hardest things to argue in this intense topic is whether or not it exists. There is not a law enforcement agency in the nation that has stepped up to the plate and acknowledged that it does indeed profile using racial criteria. It is something that New York City’s Law Enforcement Department has been accused of over and over again, while the chiefs and mayors unwaveringly deny the rumors. It is something that the media use entire segments trying to prove with the cases that are claimed to have happened because of it (Colb, 2000). Numerous studies over the past few years have proven what many have known for decades: law enforcement agents at all levels consistently use race, ethnicity, national origin, and religion when choosing which individuals should be stopped and searched. Discriminatory racial profiling is a widely recognized problem in communities across the country. States are beginning to recognize the need to address this discriminatory practice. The practice of racial profiling occurs when law enforcement officers target suspects on the basis of race, national origin, ethnicity, or religion. Racial profiling is not just an issue of who gets stopped, but  why they are stopped, and how they are treated. In 1999, the federal government and New Jersey came to an exceptional agreement that state troopers would no longer use race as a factor in highway traffic stops. This agreement came about after an investigation of police records revealed that African Americans and Latinos drove three-fourths of the cars searched on state highways. One might wonder how police balance their enforcement knowledge against the potential for discrimination based on stereotyping, or what’s commonly called â€Å"racial profiling†? It’s a complex, provoking issue, but by starting to look at police training may help to figure out the source. For law-enforcement personnel, training and experience are critical. Training comes from many sources. It begins with the initial training academy, and continues with ongoing updates known as in-service training. Additional formal training happens when a field-training officer (a police officer’s first street partner) assists with law enforcement’s version of â€Å"on-the-job training.† Somewhere along the progression, â€Å"informal† training begins. It takes place anywhere and everywhere, and continues throughout a career. And just like in any job, officers learn to cut corners, streamline processes and get the job done. The end result can be a more efficient employee or one who omits necessary steps in the processes. On one front, police brutality occurs when an officer has difficulty judging the need to utilize force. An officer’s career depends on police-survival skills that can make the difference for continued existence. Knowing when to go for your gun or when to issue a verbal command is a learned skill. It requires good training, time on the job, and repeated exposure to incidents. Equally, a crucial part of this is the guidance and influence of senior officers, not to mention the officer’s own motivations of fear, physical abilities and the like. There are many factors that influence an officer’s decisions when it comes to discriminatory issues and law enforcement. The manor, in which an officer is socially experienced, in both professional and personal settings, plays a major role. Bringing about the stereotype of young African-American men as  criminals can come from both of these tracts. Like everyone else, police must unlearn this bias and judge people based on their actions alone. The big difference is that police, at times, have power over our freedom. Racial profiling of African-Americans and Latinos is rampant at all levels of law enforcement today. For example, approximately 72 percent of all routine traffic stops on an interstate in the Northeast were of African-American drivers, despite the fact that African-Americans make up only about 17 percent of the driving population, according to a study by the American Civil Liberties Union. In the aftermath of September 11, racial profiling of Arabs and South Asians has increased very much so. Since the terrorist attacks, individuals who appear to be of Arab or South Asian descent have been targeted for special inquiry. For example, many have been asked to leave airplanes for no reason other than their appearance. In the case of Arab look a likes on airplanes, many have been asked to remove their turbans, a violation of their religious practices. Few state or federal agencies collect data on the incidence of racial profiling. The U.S. Department of Justice only recently issued voluntary guidelines that states should follow, producing in 2000, A Resource Guide on Racial Profiling Data Collection Systems. This document provides an overview of the nature of racial profiling, a description of data collection and its purpose, current activities in California, New Jersey, and North Carolina, and policy recommendations. Collecting accurate data is a critical first step toward eliminating the practice of racial profiling and bridging the lack of trust between law enforcement agencies and communities of color. Developing and implementing data collection systems will help to eliminate intentional and unintentional profiling and restore trust in law enforcement agencies. States that require law enforcement officials to collect information regarding the race, ethnicity, gender and age of each driver stopped by police will also help. The reporting requirements also include noting what actions (citation, warnings, tickets) were taken, and, if a vehicle search was conducted,  whether it was based upon consent, probable cause, or reasonable suspicion of a crime. The potential for abuse of power in most law enforcement departments exists for several reasons. Incorporated with the lack of literature regarding the topic at this point, most law enforcement departs refuse to undergo a study and they deny that racial profiling exists, the controversial issues in regards to prejudice and racism, and the added events of September 11th; racial profiling by law enforcement grew to include new groups of people. However, many police departments are aggressively addressing these issues with added training and stiffer sanctions for violating a citizen’s civil rights. Through the years, the learned patterns of criminality, real or perceived, have given us the institution of profiling. The unlearning of these patterns may take just as long.

P4 P5 D1 – Unit 21

P4: Describe the meaning of terms in a standard form contract P5: Explain the effect of terms in a contract D1: evaluate the effectiveness of terms in a given contract In this assignment I will be†¦ Describing the meaning of terms in a standard form contract. Explaining the effect of terms in a contract I will also be evaluating the effectiveness of terms in a given contract. A standard form contract is a contract made between 2 or more parities using their standard set of terms. A contract is a set of mutually agreed promises made between 2 or more parties with the intention of creating a legally binding agreement. It is important that the people involved in signing the contract know exactly what they are agreeing to. Types of terms The statements made by the parties under negotiation that are not meant to form part of the contract are called representations. The thing that the parties perform under the contract is called the terms of the contract. For example the co-operative UK breakdown cover has parts in the contract that will benefit both the customer and the insurer. These benefits have been made between the customer and the insurer under negotiation and will have to proceed with the terms of the contract. There are two types of terms which can be found in a contract, these are†¦ * The express term – Clauses in the agreement that are agreed to by both parties. * The implied term – Part of the contract not necessarily included by the parties but automatically included by the law to protect all parties. Express terms are statements made between the parties. These statements can either be made by word of mouth or in writing and the parties intend that these terms will create the fundamental part of the contract. For example, when a customer talks to the insurer of the co-operative UK breakdown cover the agreements of the statements that are going to be made can be made by talking about the agreement or writing the agreements down on paper and then signing it. It is more reliable if both the insurer and the customer write down the agreements because at least there is some sort of proof that these contractual terms have been made. Whereas, when talking about the terms and not having any form of evidence that these agreements have been made there will be no reliability in the contract. Express terms can either be conditions or warranties. Conditions A condition is an essential part of any contract, especially in standard form contracts. A condition is a fundamental part of the agreement and is something which forms the root of the contract. For example, when the co-operative UK breakdown cover is going through the contractual terms the condition of the contract would be the insurer selling themselves to the customer and gaining trust so the customer is more likely the sign the contract and both sides of the contractors are equally happy. If the insurer has sign the contract and the contract states ‘ when the vehicle breaks down, the co-operative UK breakdown cover will be there as soon as possible to help them get back on the road’ and then does not do their duties of the contract this is a clear breach of contract. A breach of contract will entitle the injured party to repudiate and claim damages. To repudiate means to treat the contract as if it is over and invalid. Warranties A warranty is a less important term that does not go to the root of the contract. A warranty will only give the injured part in a breach of contract the right to claim back the damages that have been made. The contract itself cannot be rejected. For example, when the insurer of the co-operative UK breakdown cover has promised to offer 24 hour bed and breakfast if and when their vehicle breaks down, so it gives the insurance company a chance to fix the vehicle in need, and then when the vehicle comes back to the owners and they notice extra faults that have been made in the vehicle this is not a vital part of the contract and will be seen as a warranty. This failure although it is annoying for the customer paying monthly for the insurance company will not mean the contract can be automatically voided. It is very common in business contracts to not only have express terms relating to conditions and warranties but also have a common express key terms included in the contract. For example, these may include†¦ * Exclusion clauses limiting the parties’ responsibilities under the contract * Terms relating to the amount of damages that the parties might receive if things go wrong. Terms allowing parties to vary the contract price known as a price variation clause. Implied Implied terms are not general stated in a contract. Implied terms are introduced into the contract by statute, custom and common law. Terms implied by statute To protect both parties in the Co-operative UK breakdown cover contractual agreements, terms are implied into the contract by virtue of legislation. The best example for the fault is the sale of goods ac t 1979. This sale of goods act has certain terms that have to be followed, such as†¦ * Every seller has the right to sell goods. Where there is a sale of goods by description there is an implied condition that the goods will correspond with that description. * Goods sold are of satisfactory condition and that they are fit for the particular purpose stated. * The sample sales have an implied term condition that the bulk order must correspond with the sample. For example, if the Co-operative UK breakdown cover have stated something in their contract and promised their customers this certain service when they are in need or in general, the exact promise will have to be made otherwise the law can then get involved and the situation will then be takes to the courts. Terms applied by custom An agreement may be subject to customary terms; these terms are not specified by the parties. These could be historical; for example, when a customer signs up to the Co-operative UK breakdown cover must find out if the terms in the contract actually exist. A customer can do this by asking other people who have also joined the insurance company. These should be noted. However, that such a custom will be overruled by any express clause to the contrary. Terms implied by the common law The courts dealing with the situation will be prepared to imply a term into the contract in order to validate the obvious intentions of the parties. For example, if a customer takes the co-operative UK breakdown cover to the courts, the courts will look at all angles. There may be a point that has been overlooked or may not have been clearly stated therefore, the courts will also look at the ‘business fairness’ so that the contract makes commercial common sense. The distinction between express and implied terms Express terms in a contract are those terms that the parties have negotiated between themselves. If any side of the parties have any problems with these negotiations these terms can then be cut out and re-negotiated until both sides of the party feel equal and they can both can come up with an agreement. For example when the UK breakdown insurer and customer do not like what they have agreed to they can then meet each other half way and come up with an alternative in the agreement. This way all the parties are happy with what they are signing up for. On the other hand, implied terms are those terms that the law insists are included in the contract. This way all the parties have no say in the contract. And if they wish to do business with each other they have to follow the implied terms precisely. Impact of contractual terms When the parties in the UK breakdown cover create a contract, the terms are expected to be followed by both sides. The most important part of any contract especially the UK breakdown covers insurance company are for the terms relating to what services that are going to be delivered to the customers. These terms must be delivered if it is stated in the contract. Other important terms would be the quality of the services; the services must be set to a professional level. Time for good performance and rejection of goods Usually in businesses that are delivering goods there would be a time and date set for this. But because the UK breakdown cover provides services, they have to be present for whenever they are needed and called by their customers. if the UK breakdown cover service fail to give the services they have promises to their customers, the customer can then sue for breach of contract. Price variation Many businesses including the Co-operative UK breakdown cover will include in their contracts a term which is known as a price variation this is included into the contract so both parties can feel secure from uncontrollable variations. The prices that were first agreed when the parties negotiated may have changed due to unforeseen rises, this may due to†¦ * Inflation * Fuel costs * Production costs Any business would not want to lose out on their profit and will do what they can to keep their business up and running but in moderation. Payment terms The payment for goods and services to be delivered by the seller is a very important but of the contract. Although for the UK breakdown cover, their services have to be delivered on the g. if a customer has a fault with their vehicle and calls up the UK breakdown cover service, they have to then drive to where their customers are and then deal with the situation in hand. The insurer has to do this because it is part of the terms in the contract. The payment of this will have been negotiated in the contract and will be expected to pay on the day. Quality and quantity of the services delivered When the UK breakdown cover brings forward their services it is expected that what was agreed in the contract will be delivered. The quality of the service will have to be at a professional standard and the insurer helping the customer will have to do anything they can to make the customer/s feel comfortable and happy with the service that has been delivered to them. The law implies into contracts, that the quality of the good and services that are being delivered to the customers are fit for purpose that they were intended. Customers should be free from minor defects in terms to finish and appearance and that they should be safe and lasting. The buyer will have time to examine the vehicle after it has been fixed and if any faults have been made they are allowed to reject the vehicle until the right approach has been made. If the wrong customer service has been delivered the customer has several options available regardless of what was agreed between the parties. if the person helping fix the vehicle produced an extra/larger service then was expected the customer can then†¦ * Accept the quantity expected and reject the rest. Reject the entire delivery/service * Accept the entire delivery at a new contract price. These three points are negotiable and have to be discussed between the insurer and the customer. Reservation of title Reservation of title is when parties retain ownership of the goods until the contract has been completed. It is not unusual for a seller, wishing to protect themselves, to in sert a clause into the contract that ownership of the goods is not to pass to the buyer until the seller has been paid. This is known as a reservation of title clause. For example, customers who have signed up for the UK breakdown cover service will not receive their services until each month or week they have paid what they need to, to be able to claim this. The insurer is allowed to reject them until the payment/s have been made. Exclusion clauses An exclusion clause is a term in a contract that tries to exempt or limit the liability of a party who is in breach of the agreement. ‘The Unfair contract erms act 1977’ came into effect as a parliamentary control over the law relating to exclusions clauses. For example if the customer does not pay for his/her insurance breakdown cover, then the insurer and the business can them restrict the customers right to this service until he/she decides to make payments. These terms are very effective to all the parties involved in a contract. The co-operative UK breakdown cover has terms in their contracts because it holds benefits for both sides of th e parties. Those benefits are†¦ * Terms in a contract give a UK breakdown cover a background and when customers research the business they will see that the business has a record of previous ruling. * If the contract is not genuine this is beneficial for the customer because these faults can be easily noticed and then will be disregarded of not being a ‘live contract’. The terms will then give the customer the right to take action to the breach of contract that has taken place. * All the parties have some sort of control over the contract. This is effective because all the parties get what they want in moderation and agreement.

The Achievement Of The National Association For The...

As a result of Addams hard work and reputation, she was then drawn into a larger field of responsibility. She was one of the first members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). She was appointed to Chicago’s Board of Education, and in 1909 she became the first woman president of the National Conference of Charities and Corrections. â€Å"In 1911, she was elected vice president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.† Years later, in 1915, she accepted the chairmanship of the Women’s Peace Party. Addams also served as president of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom until 1929. These advancements in her career led her to be very admired by her peers but also led to disapproval of her thoughts. When Addams began making speeches against World War I, she was no longer invited to speak to groups. â€Å"In 1931 Addams became the second woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. This i mportant award honored her work for peace. She received a peace medal and $16,480†¦ She gave the money to the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom.† National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) opposed the Fifteenth Amendment, while the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) supported the new law. Stanton and Anthony founded the NWSA first. Article 2 of the Constitution of the organization states, â€Å"The object of this Association shall be to secure STATE and NATIONAL protection for women citizens in the exercise ofShow MoreRelatedNational Association For The Advancement Of Colored People1233 Words   |  5 Pagesforced them to live these lives of hell. It wasn’t until the development of the NAACP came around, that they began to see equal treatment. The NAACP is an organization created and developed for the advancement of African Americans. NAACP is an acronym for National Association for the advancement of Colored People. 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